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About Markit Economics
Markit Economics is one of the world's largest specialist providers of original economic research, and publishes a range of unique and highly regarded monthly and quarterly reports on business conditions. The world’s financial markets, central banks, government departments and corporate sector analysts are all extensive users of PMI data.

Our best-known product is the monthly Purchasing Managers' Index which has become established in all the major economies of the world as an authoritative and leading indicator of business conditions. Parallel with this are monthly and quarterly surveys of corporate profitablility, productivity, labour market trends, gross domestic product indicators and cyclical indicators of economic activity.

The recognised accuracy and reliability of these products reflect Markit Economics research and analytical skills, and illustrate its market-leading ability to produce high profile market-moving data.

Markit Economics is a division of the Information Sciences Ltd group of companies. Its sister company, the World Advertising Research Center (WARC), publishes over 100 business titles every year.

Markit Economics Data Accuracy
By the use of modern market research methods, PMI data can be produced much more quickly than that from other sources. The release of the Manufacturing PMI on the first business day of each month represents that first indication of the direction of the economy

PMI data are based on surveys of what is actually happening at an individual company level. They are not concerned with opinions or forecasts.

Because the same methodology is used internationally, data are directly comparable between countries and regions.

With almost 100 survey years of experience now clocked up, and with the indexes tested against reality every month by banks and economic analysts worldwide, the inescapable conclusion is that they work very well as advance indicators. Central bankers in the EU and US now depend on the data to make interest rate decisions.

The PMI data are a reliable predictor of official data.
Click here to view international comparisons.

In many cases it is not possible to compare PMI data with official data to prove their accuracy. This is simply because no official data exist. Markit Economics has broken new ground in business survey coverage, most notably in the development of service sector surveys. The service sector is largely ignored by official statistical bodies in many important countries. However, the service sector represents a major proportion of total gross domestic product in almost all developed economies.

About PMI Data
Markit Economics is one of the world's largest producers of macro-economic data, providing Government, bankers (commercial, central and investment) and other financial corporations worldwide with high quality, timely and internationally comparable data.


Key features of PMI data series are:

 


At 53.6 in December, up from 53.2 in November, the Global Manufacturing PMI posted a reading above the no-change mark of 50.0 for the eighteenth successive month. However, for the final quarter of 2004, the PMI pointed (on average) to an easing in the rate of growth from the joint-survey record high seen in Q2 2004. The majority of the national manufacturing economies recorded slower growth in Q4 2004 than in the previous quarter.


GDP Indicators
Markit Economics PMI-based GDP indicators are released on the third working day of each month for all main European economies. They act as reliable indicators of final GDP figures from official sources. In the UK, for example, the GDP indicator anticipated recent upward revisions to early-2003 growth. Click here for further information.

European productivity Indicators
The Markit Economics Productivity Indicators provide timely information on the current trends of private sector productivity in the UK, Germany, France and Italy. The indicators are derived from data collected from the panel of 1,300 UK companies and a further 5,200 Eurozone firms that participate in the Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI) surveys of business conditions across Europe.

Click
here for the latest press release


Japanese PMI
The Japanese PMI fell for the fifth month in a row in December, dropping from 51.3 in November to an eighteen-month low of 50.6 after adjustment for seasonal factors. The PMI signalled only a marginal improvement in manufacturing sector business conditions after being dragged down by falling levels of output new business.

Output fell for the first time in nineteen months in December (albeit modestly) as manufacturers scaled back production in response to a second successive monthly drop in new orders. Lower levels of incoming new business principally reflected a fall in new export orders. Staffing levels, meanwhile, rose at a marginal rate which was less marked than that recorded in November.

To view our research note on the Japanese PMI please click one of the following links:
Japanese version, English version.


Japan PMI survey review
The Nomura/JMMA Japanese PMI survey has accurately anticipated the buoyancy of recent industrial production and GDP data. Click here to view our Survey Review, comparing the PMI indices against official data.

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About PMI data

Eurozone Indexes

Contents
   
Data release
   Sample base
   Calculation of Indexes
   The Indexes: What's Monitored?
   Combining National Surveys to form the Eurozone Indexes
   Revisions to Weights
   Development
   Further Information





DATA RELEASE
The Eurozone Indexes are designed to provide the most up-to-date picture of business conditions in the Eurozone economies.

Data for manufacturing are released on the first working day of each month. Data for services and the combined data for manufacturing and services are released on the third working day of each month.

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SAMPLE BASE
The indexes are derived from original national surveys of manufacturing and service sector business conditions conducted by Markit Economics. In most cases, the surveys are produced in conjunction with national members of the European Council for Purchasing and Supply (ECPS). All surveys are produced using identical methodologies, thus ensuring compatibility of data.

For manufacturing, the surveys are conducted in Germany, France, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, Austria, Greece and Ireland, accounting for 92% of total Eurozone manufacturing output. (Manufacturing in turn accounts for 24% of total Eurozone gross domestic product). For services, surveys are conducted in Germany, Italy, Spain, France and Ireland, accounting for 83% of total Eurozone service sector activity. (Services in turn account for 62% of total Eurozone gross domestic product).

In total, the surveys cover 74% of total Eurozone gross domestic product.

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CALCULATION OF INDEXES
Altogether, information is collected by questionnaire from over 5,000 companies each month. For each sector within each country, the survey panels are designed to accurately reflect the true structure of the sector as determined by official data. Data are collected at mid-month, requesting the direction of change of key variables compared with the situation one month ago (for example, 'Is the level of orders received by your company higher, the same or lower than one month ago?').

The percentages of respondents giving positive, negative or no change replies to questions are converted into diffusion indexes, for which a reading of 50 represents no change on the previous month. Index readings above 50 signal an increase or growth compared to the previous month, below 50 signals a decrease or contraction. The greater the divergence from 50, the greater the rate of change signalled.

Each diffusion index is seasonally adjusted to allow for expected movements in each series arising from anticipated events such as Christmas, holidays and year-end stock adjustments.

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THE INDEXES: WHAT'S MONITORED?
Individual national manufacturing and service sector surveys are weighted together according to the importance of each sector relative to total Eurozone gross domestic product (converted at purchasing power parity rates) to produce headline composite survey data for Eurozone manufacturing and Eurozone service sector economies.

For manufacturing, twelve indicators are produced:

* The Eurozone New Export Orders Index is a weighted average of export orders data collected from individual national PMI surveys and, as such, includes intra Eurozone trade.

** The Purchasing Managers’ Index is a weighted composite index calculated from indexes of output, order books, employment, suppliers' delivery times and stocks of purchases.


The latter is a weighted composite index calculated from indexes of output, order books, employment, suppliers' delivery times and stocks of purchases.

For services, eight indicators are produced:

  • Eurozone Service Sector Business Activity Index
  • Eurozone Service Sector New Business Index
  • Eurozone Service Sector Outstanding Business Index
  • Eurozone Service Sector Input Prices Index
  • Eurozone Service Sector Prices Charged Index
  • Eurozone Service Sector Employment Index
  • Eurozone Service Sector Future Business Activity Expectations Index

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COMBINING NATIONAL SURVEYS TO FORM EUROZONE INDEXES
The manufacturing and service sector data are in turn weighted together to produce the overall Eurozone Indexes.

Four headline Eurozone indexes are produced:

 Eurozone Output Index
Calculated from combining the Eurozone Manufacturing Output Index with the Eurozone Service Sector Business Activity Index. Unlike a manufacturing company, which produces tangible goods, it is difficult to define the 'output' of a service company. It is even more difficult to find a definition that is applicable to all different types of service provider. Thus, service sector panel members are invited to use the measure of business activity most applicable to their business and which most closely corresponds to the definition of output. A legal firm, for example, may use the number of chargeable hours worked. A health clinic may use the number of paid visits that month. A bank or finance house may decide to use values of fee, commission and premium income and values of net interest income.

Eurozone New Orders Index
Calculated from combining the Eurozone Manufacturing New Orders Index with the Eurozone Service Sector New Business Index. Whereas the output or business activity question is intended to measure how busy a company is, the new orders question is intended to measure the rate of growth of new business and thereby provide an indication of the level of demand. For manufacturing, this is a straightforward measure of inflows of orders received each month. In the service sector it is more complicated, but in almost all cases a suitable measure can be found to identify changes in levels of incoming new business.

Eurozone Input Prices Index
Calculated from combining the Eurozone Manufacturing Input Prices Index with the Eurozone Service Sector Business Input Prices Index. For manufacturing, the single most important cost is that of the materials purchased for use in production. For services, however, inputs of goods are generally not significant and the single most important input is labour. The input prices index for services therefore relates to changes in staff costs (i.e wages and salaries) in addition to prices paid for goods and services purchased.

Eurozone Employment Index
Calculated from combining the Eurozone Manufacturing Employment Index with the Eurozone Service Sector Employment Index. Measures of employment are identical for both sectors. Respondents are asked to treat two part-time staff as one full-time employee and ignore seasonal or temporary hirings.

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REVISIONS TO WEIGHTS
The weights used in the production of the national surveys and the overall Eurozone Indexes are revised as frequently as the publication of official data allows, ensuring that the panel structures and index weighting data are always the most up-to-date and accurate.

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DEVELOPMENT
Additional manufacturing and service sector surveys will be included as they become established in order to boost further the coverage of the surveys.

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FURTHER INFORMATION
Further information can be obtained from:

Chris Williamson, Markit Economics,
tel:+44(0)1392 426 555,
email
chris.williamson@markit.com

Luke Thompson, Markit Economics,
tel: (0)1491 418 626
email luke.thompson@markit.com

Markit Economics German desk, tel: +44 (0)1491 418 653
Markit Economics French desk, tel: +44 (0)1491 418 655
Markit Economics Italian desk, tel: +44 (0)1491 418 682

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Information

Link to Purchasing
   Associations


Interpreting PMI data

The Global PMI

PMI-based GDP
   indicators


Eurozone
   PMI Methodology


Manufacturing PMI
   Methodology


Services PMI
   Methodology


Construction PMI
   Methodology


Japanese PMI FAQ
   

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