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About Markit Economics
Markit Economics is one of the world's largest specialist providers of original economic research, and publishes a range of unique and highly regarded monthly and quarterly reports on business conditions. The world’s financial markets, central banks, government departments and corporate sector analysts are all extensive users of PMI data.

Our best-known product is the monthly Purchasing Managers' Index which has become established in all the major economies of the world as an authoritative and leading indicator of business conditions. Parallel with this are monthly and quarterly surveys of corporate profitablility, productivity, labour market trends, gross domestic product indicators and cyclical indicators of economic activity.

The recognised accuracy and reliability of these products reflect Markit Economics research and analytical skills, and illustrate its market-leading ability to produce high profile market-moving data.

Markit Economics is a division of the Information Sciences Ltd group of companies. Its sister company, the World Advertising Research Center (WARC), publishes over 100 business titles every year.

Markit Economics Data Accuracy
By the use of modern market research methods, PMI data can be produced much more quickly than that from other sources. The release of the Manufacturing PMI on the first business day of each month represents that first indication of the direction of the economy

PMI data are based on surveys of what is actually happening at an individual company level. They are not concerned with opinions or forecasts.

Because the same methodology is used internationally, data are directly comparable between countries and regions.

With almost 100 survey years of experience now clocked up, and with the indexes tested against reality every month by banks and economic analysts worldwide, the inescapable conclusion is that they work very well as advance indicators. Central bankers in the EU and US now depend on the data to make interest rate decisions.

The PMI data are a reliable predictor of official data.
Click here to view international comparisons.

In many cases it is not possible to compare PMI data with official data to prove their accuracy. This is simply because no official data exist. Markit Economics has broken new ground in business survey coverage, most notably in the development of service sector surveys. The service sector is largely ignored by official statistical bodies in many important countries. However, the service sector represents a major proportion of total gross domestic product in almost all developed economies.

About PMI Data
Markit Economics is one of the world's largest producers of macro-economic data, providing Government, bankers (commercial, central and investment) and other financial corporations worldwide with high quality, timely and internationally comparable data.


Key features of PMI data series are:

 


At 53.6 in December, up from 53.2 in November, the Global Manufacturing PMI posted a reading above the no-change mark of 50.0 for the eighteenth successive month. However, for the final quarter of 2004, the PMI pointed (on average) to an easing in the rate of growth from the joint-survey record high seen in Q2 2004. The majority of the national manufacturing economies recorded slower growth in Q4 2004 than in the previous quarter.


GDP Indicators
Markit Economics PMI-based GDP indicators are released on the third working day of each month for all main European economies. They act as reliable indicators of final GDP figures from official sources. In the UK, for example, the GDP indicator anticipated recent upward revisions to early-2003 growth. Click here for further information.

European productivity Indicators
The Markit Economics Productivity Indicators provide timely information on the current trends of private sector productivity in the UK, Germany, France and Italy. The indicators are derived from data collected from the panel of 1,300 UK companies and a further 5,200 Eurozone firms that participate in the Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI) surveys of business conditions across Europe.

Click
here for the latest press release


Japanese PMI
The Japanese PMI fell for the fifth month in a row in December, dropping from 51.3 in November to an eighteen-month low of 50.6 after adjustment for seasonal factors. The PMI signalled only a marginal improvement in manufacturing sector business conditions after being dragged down by falling levels of output new business.

Output fell for the first time in nineteen months in December (albeit modestly) as manufacturers scaled back production in response to a second successive monthly drop in new orders. Lower levels of incoming new business principally reflected a fall in new export orders. Staffing levels, meanwhile, rose at a marginal rate which was less marked than that recorded in November.

To view our research note on the Japanese PMI please click one of the following links:
Japanese version, English version.


Japan PMI survey review
The Nomura/JMMA Japanese PMI survey has accurately anticipated the buoyancy of recent industrial production and GDP data. Click here to view our Survey Review, comparing the PMI indices against official data.

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About PMI data

PMI Report on Manufacturing

Contents
   
Introduction
   Data Release
   Calculation of Indexes
   The Indexes: What's Monitored?
   Revisions to Weights
   Further Information





INTRODUCTION
The PMI Reports on Manufacturing are monthly publications researched and published by Markit Economics on behalf of sponsors. They are based on surveys of over 300 business executives in private sector manufacturing companies and are designed to provide the most up-to-date picture of business conditions in the private manufacturing sector within each country. Data were first collected in January 1992 for the UK PMI Report on Manufacturing.

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DATA RELEASE
Data are usually released on the first working day of each month. A full list of release dates/times can be found by
clicking here.

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CALCULATION OF INDEXES
The survey covers industrial sectors based on Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) groups; Chemicals, Electrical, Food/Drink, Mechanical Engineering, Metals, Textiles, Timber/Paper, Transport, Other.

Each response received is weighted according to the size of the company to which the questionnaire refers and the contribution to total manufacturing output accounted for by the sub-sector to which that company belongs. This therefore ensures that replies from larger companies have a greater impact on the final index numbers than replies from small companies.

The results are presented by question asked, showing the percentage of respondents reporting an improvement, deterioration or no-change since the previous month. From these percentages, an index is derived such that a level of 50.0 signals no-change since the previous month. Above 50.0 signals an increase (or improvement), below 50.0 a decrease (or deterioration). The greater the divergence from 50.0, the greater the rate of change signalled.

The indexes are calculated by assigning weights to the percentages: the percentage of respondents reporting an “improvement/increase” are given a weight of 1.0, the percentage reporting “no-change” are given a weight of 0.5 and the percentage reporting a “deterioration/decrease” are given a weight of 0.0. Thus, if 100% of the survey panel report an “increase”, the index would read 100. If 100% reported “no-change” the index would read 50 (100 x 0.5), and so on.

Each diffusion index is seasonally adjusted to allow for expected movements in each series arising from anticipated events such as Christmas and holidays.

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THE MANUFACTURING REPORT INDEXES: WHAT'S MONITORED?
In the Report on Manufacturing, twelve indicators are produced:
  • Output Index
  • New Orders Index
  • New Export Orders Index
  • Backlogs of Work Index
  • Stocks of Finished Goods Index
  • Employment Index
  • Output Prices Index
  • Input Prices Index
  • Suppliers' Delivery Times Index
  • Quantity of Purchases Index
  • Stocks of Purchases Index
  • Purchasing Managers' Index (composite)
The latter is a composite index calculated from the following indexes (which are weighted as shown); New Order Books (0.3), Output (0.25), Employment (0.2), Suppliers' Delivery Times (0.15) and Stocks of Purchases (0.1), with the Suppliers' Delivery Times Index inverted so that it moves in a comparable direction.


Output Index
The Manufacturing Sector Output Index is derived from panel member responses to the question: “Please compare your production/output this month with the situation one month ago”. The index provides a measure of how busy firms are in any given month relative to the previous month, by showing changes in the rate of growth/decline in output.


New Orders Index
Calculated from the question: “Please compare the level of new orders received this month with that of one month ago”. Whereas the output question measures how busy a company is, this question measures the rate of growth of new orders and thereby provides an indication of the level of demand. Thus, a factory may be operating at full capacity (so their level of output may be the same as in the previous month) but clients may continue to place new orders at an increasing rate – meaning that the company would have to increase capacity soon to prevent a build-up of backlogs.


New Export Orders Index
Calculated from the question: “Please compare the level of new export orders received this month with that of one month ago”. Similar to the question on overall new orders, but aimed specifically at business coming from abroad.


Backlogs of Work Index
Calculated from the question: “Please compare the level of outstanding business in your company this month with the situation one month ago”. With this index, we are trying to measure the amount of spare capacity existing in the manufacturing economy; the easiest measure of which is the amount of work that a company has taken on but not yet completed. Manufacturing firms report whether the build-up of uncompleted orders is higher, the same or lower than in the previous month.


Stocks of Finished Goods Index
Calculated from the question: “Please compare your stocks of finished goods (in units) this month with the situation one month ago”. This index gives an insight to post-production inventory levels and also provides some idea as to how closely changes in output are following changes in new orders.


Employment Index
Calculated from the question: “Please compare the level of employment at your unit this month with the situation one month ago”. Respondents are asked to ignore seasonal or temporary hirings.


Output Prices Index
Calculated from the question: “Please compare the average price that you charged per unit of output (volume weighted) this month with the situation one month ago”. If various products are offered by one company, then an average of all charges is used, taking into account the importance of each to that company's total activity. To illustrate; a company manufactures three products, one of which accounts for 90% of its total income whereas the other two account for only 5% each. If the price charged for its most popular product is raised but charges for the two others are lowered, then – measured overall – charges will have risen on average.


Input Prices Index
Calculated from the question: “Please compare the average price of your purchases (volume weighted) this month with the situation one month ago”. As with output prices, a rough “weighted” average is used. Wages and salaries are not included.


Suppliers' Delivery Times Index
Calculated from the question: “Please compare your suppliers' delivery times (volume weighted) this month with the situation one month ago”. If average lead-times for inputs from suppliers have lengthened, then firms will indicate that delivery times are slower than in the previous month.


Quantity of Purchases Index
Calculated from the question: “Please compare the quantity of items purchased (in units) this month with the situation one month ago”. This question provides some further indication of capacity and efficiency. When viewed alongside the data on output, it gives an indication as to whether firms are keen to raise or lower inventory levels, or whether operations are running on a just-in-time basis.


Stocks of Purchases Index
Calculated from the question: “Please compare your stocks of purchases (in units) this month with the situation one month ago”. Similar to the question on stocks of finished goods, but this index gives an insight to pre-production inventory levels.


Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI)
The PMI is a composite index calculated from a weighted average of New Order Books (0.3), Output (0.25), Employment (0.2), Suppliers' Delivery Times (0.15) and Stocks of Purchases (0.1), with the Suppliers' Delivery Times Index inverted so that it moves in a comparable direction. This headline series is designed to provide a single-figure “snap-shot” measure of the overall economic health of the manufacturing economy.

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REVISONS TO WEIGHTS
The weights used in the production of the survey are revised as frequently as the publication of official data allows, ensuring that the panel structures and index weighting data are always the most up-to-date and accurate.

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FURTHER INFORMATION
Further information can be obtained from:

Rob Dobson, Markit Economics,
tel: +44(0)1491 418 695,
email
Rob.Dobson@markit.com

Luke Thompson, Markit Economics,
tel: (0)1491 418 626
email luke.thompson@markit.com

Markit Economics German desk, tel: +44 (0)1491 418 653
Markit Economics French desk, tel: +44 (0)1491 418 655
Markit Economics Italian desk, tel: +44 (0)1491 418 682

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Information

Link to Purchasing
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Interpreting PMI data

The Global PMI

PMI-based GDP
   indicators


Eurozone
   PMI Methodology


Manufacturing PMI
   Methodology


Services PMI
   Methodology


Construction PMI
   Methodology


Japanese PMI FAQ
   

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