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About Markit Economics
Markit Economics is one of the world's largest specialist providers of original economic research, and publishes a range of unique and highly regarded monthly and quarterly reports on business conditions. The world’s financial markets, central banks, government departments and corporate sector analysts are all extensive users of PMI data.

Our best-known product is the monthly Purchasing Managers' Index which has become established in all the major economies of the world as an authoritative and leading indicator of business conditions. Parallel with this are monthly and quarterly surveys of corporate profitablility, productivity, labour market trends, gross domestic product indicators and cyclical indicators of economic activity.

The recognised accuracy and reliability of these products reflect Markit Economics research and analytical skills, and illustrate its market-leading ability to produce high profile market-moving data.

Markit Economics is a division of the Information Sciences Ltd group of companies. Its sister company, the World Advertising Research Center (WARC), publishes over 100 business titles every year.

Markit Economics Data Accuracy
By the use of modern market research methods, PMI data can be produced much more quickly than that from other sources. The release of the Manufacturing PMI on the first business day of each month represents that first indication of the direction of the economy

PMI data are based on surveys of what is actually happening at an individual company level. They are not concerned with opinions or forecasts.

Because the same methodology is used internationally, data are directly comparable between countries and regions.

With almost 100 survey years of experience now clocked up, and with the indexes tested against reality every month by banks and economic analysts worldwide, the inescapable conclusion is that they work very well as advance indicators. Central bankers in the EU and US now depend on the data to make interest rate decisions.

The PMI data are a reliable predictor of official data.
Click here to view international comparisons.

In many cases it is not possible to compare PMI data with official data to prove their accuracy. This is simply because no official data exist. Markit Economics has broken new ground in business survey coverage, most notably in the development of service sector surveys. The service sector is largely ignored by official statistical bodies in many important countries. However, the service sector represents a major proportion of total gross domestic product in almost all developed economies.

About PMI Data
Markit Economics is one of the world's largest producers of macro-economic data, providing Government, bankers (commercial, central and investment) and other financial corporations worldwide with high quality, timely and internationally comparable data.


Key features of PMI data series are:

 


At 53.6 in December, up from 53.2 in November, the Global Manufacturing PMI posted a reading above the no-change mark of 50.0 for the eighteenth successive month. However, for the final quarter of 2004, the PMI pointed (on average) to an easing in the rate of growth from the joint-survey record high seen in Q2 2004. The majority of the national manufacturing economies recorded slower growth in Q4 2004 than in the previous quarter.


GDP Indicators
Markit Economics PMI-based GDP indicators are released on the third working day of each month for all main European economies. They act as reliable indicators of final GDP figures from official sources. In the UK, for example, the GDP indicator anticipated recent upward revisions to early-2003 growth. Click here for further information.

European productivity Indicators
The Markit Economics Productivity Indicators provide timely information on the current trends of private sector productivity in the UK, Germany, France and Italy. The indicators are derived from data collected from the panel of 1,300 UK companies and a further 5,200 Eurozone firms that participate in the Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI) surveys of business conditions across Europe.

Click
here for the latest press release


Japanese PMI
The Japanese PMI fell for the fifth month in a row in December, dropping from 51.3 in November to an eighteen-month low of 50.6 after adjustment for seasonal factors. The PMI signalled only a marginal improvement in manufacturing sector business conditions after being dragged down by falling levels of output new business.

Output fell for the first time in nineteen months in December (albeit modestly) as manufacturers scaled back production in response to a second successive monthly drop in new orders. Lower levels of incoming new business principally reflected a fall in new export orders. Staffing levels, meanwhile, rose at a marginal rate which was less marked than that recorded in November.

To view our research note on the Japanese PMI please click one of the following links:
Japanese version, English version.


Japan PMI survey review
The Nomura/JMMA Japanese PMI survey has accurately anticipated the buoyancy of recent industrial production and GDP data. Click here to view our Survey Review, comparing the PMI indices against official data.

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About PMI data

PMI Report on Services

Contents
   
Introduction
   Data Release
   Calculation of Indexes
   The Indexes: What's Monitored?
   Revisions to Weights
   Further Information





INTRODUCTION
The PMI Reports on Services are monthly publications researched and published by Markit Economics in conjunction with sponsors. They are based on surveys of over 400 business executives in private sector service companies and are designed to provide the most up-to-date picture of business conditions in the private services sector within each country. Data were first collected in July 1996 for the UK PMI Report on Services.

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DATA RELEASE
Data are usually released on the third working day of each month. A full list of release dates/times can be found by
clicking here.

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CALCULATION OF INDEXES
The survey covers transport & communication, financial intermediation, business services, personal services, computing & IT and hotels & restaurants.

Each response received is weighted according to the size of the company to which the questionnaire refers and the contribution to total service sector output accounted for by the sub-sector to which that company belongs. This therefore ensures that replies from larger companies have a greater impact on the final index numbers than replies from small companies.

The results are presented by question asked, showing the percentage of respondents reporting an improvement, deterioration or no-change since the previous month. From these percentages, an index is derived such that a level of 50.0 signals no-change since the previous month. Above 50.0 signals an increase (or improvement), below 50.0 a decrease (or deterioration). The greater the divergence from 50.0, the greater the rate of change signalled.

The indexes are calculated by assigning weights to the percentages: the percentage of respondents reporting an 'improvement/increase' are given a weight of 1.0, the percentage reporting 'no-change' are given a weight of 0.5 and the percentage reporting a 'deterioration/decrease' are given a weight of 0.0. Thus, if 100% of the survey panel report an 'increase', the index would read 100. If 100% reported 'no-change' the index would read 50 (100 x 0.5), and so on.

Each diffusion index is seasonally adjusted to allow for expected movements in each series arising from anticipated events such as Christmas and holidays.

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THE SERVICE REPORT INDEXES: WHAT'S MONITORED?
In the Report on Services, eight indicators are produced:
  • Business Activity Index
  • New Business Index
  • Outstanding Business Index
  • Input Prices Index
  • Prices Charged Index
  • Employment Index
  • Business Expectations Index
  • Profitability Index
Business Activity Index
The Service Sector Business Activity Index is derived from panel member responses to the question: “Please compare the level of business activity (gross income/chargeable hours work, etc) in your company this month with the situation one month ago.” Unlike a manufacturing company, which produces tangible goods, it is difficult to define the 'output' of a service company. It is even more difficult to find a definition that is applicable to all different types of service provider. Thus, service sector panel members are invited to use the measure of business activity most applicable to their business and which most closely corresponds to the definition of output. A legal firm, for example, may use the number of chargeable hours worked. A health clinic may use the number of paid visits that month. A bank or finance house may decide to use values of fee, commission and premium income and values of net interest income.


Incoming New Business Index
Calculated from the question: “Please compare the level of new orders placed during the month (whether already fulfilled or not) this month with the situation one month ago”. Whereas the business activity question measures how busy a company is, this question measures the rate of growth of new business and thereby provides an indication of the level of demand. Thus, a bank’s staff working on processing loans may be operating at full capacity (so their level of activity may be the same as in the previous month) but applications for new loans may be coming in at an increasing rate, meaning that the company would have to increase capacity soon to prevent a build-up of forms to be processed.


Outstanding Business Index
Calculated from the question: “Is the level of outstanding business (i.e. work placed but not yet completed) in your company this month higher, the same or lower than one month ago?” With this index, we are trying to measure the amount of spare capacity existing in the service economy, the easiest measure of which is the amount of work that a company has taken on but not yet completed. In the case of the bank loan business, given as an example for incoming new business, the bank would report on whether the build-up of unprocessed loan applications was higher, the same or lower than in the previous month.


Employment Index
Calculated from the question: “Please compare the number of people employed at your company with the situation one month ago”. Respondents are asked to treat two part-time staff as one full-time employee and ignore seasonal or temporary hiring’s.


Average Prices Charged Index
Calculated from the question: “Compare the average prices charged by your company (e.g. prices charged per item or unit of time) this month with the situation one month ago.” This is obvious to most companies. A legal firm will know how much they charge per hour. A sports centre knows how much it charges for membership. An insurance company knows in what direction its premiums are moving in. A bank knows whether its interest rates have risen or fallen and in what direction its other charges are moving.

If various services are offered by one company, then an average of all charges is used, taking into account the importance of each service to that company's total activity. To illustrate, a company offers three services, one of which accounts for 90% of its total income whereas the other two account for only 5% each. If the price charged for its most popular service is raised but charges for the two smaller services are lowered, then – measured overall – charges will have risen on average.


Input Prices Index
Calculated from the question: “Is the average price paid by your company for all inputs (purchases, wages and salaries etc) this month higher, the same or lower than one month ago?” Wages and salaries account for most costs in service companies, although prices paid for goods and materials, charges for sub-contracting work, charges for other services etc are also taken into account. Interest rates on loans will also affect input prices. As with prices charged, a rough “weighted” average is used.


Business Expectations Index
Calculated from the question: “In twelve months’ time, do you expect the overall level of activity at your business unit to be higher, the same or lower than now?” The definition of overall activity used is the same as that used in the question relating to current levels of business activity.


Profitability Index
Calculated from the question: “Please compare the profitability of your company’s operations with the position three months’ ago.” Panellists are asked for higher/same/lower responses.

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REVISONS TO WEIGHTS
The weights used in the production of the survey are revised as frequently as the publication of official data allows, ensuring that the panel structures and index weighting data are always the most up-to-date and accurate.

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FURTHER INFORMATION
Further information can be obtained from:

Paul Smith, Markit Economics,
tel: +44(0)1491 418 638,
email
paul.smith@markit.com

Luke Thompson, Markit Economics,
tel: (0)1491 418 626
email luke.thompson@markit.com

Markit Economics German desk, tel: +44 (0)1491 418 653
Markit Economics French desk, tel: +44 (0)1491 418 655
Markit Economics Italian desk, tel: +44 (0)1491 418 682

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Information

Link to Purchasing
   Associations


Interpreting PMI data

The Global PMI

PMI-based GDP
   indicators


Eurozone
   PMI Methodology


Manufacturing PMI
   Methodology


Services PMI
   Methodology


Construction PMI
   Methodology


Japanese PMI FAQ
   

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